Follow Techotopia on Twitter

On-line Guides
All Guides
eBook Store
iOS / Android
Linux for Beginners
Office Productivity
Linux Installation
Linux Security
Linux Utilities
Linux Virtualization
Linux Kernel
System/Network Admin
Programming
Scripting Languages
Development Tools
Web Development
GUI Toolkits/Desktop
Databases
Mail Systems
openSolaris
Eclipse Documentation
Techotopia.com
Virtuatopia.com
Answertopia.com

How To Guides
Virtualization
General System Admin
Linux Security
Linux Filesystems
Web Servers
Graphics & Desktop
PC Hardware
Windows
Problem Solutions
Privacy Policy

  




 

 

Writing Device Drivers
Previous Next

Introduction to Device Context

This section introduces device context and the context management model.

What Is a Device Context?

The context of a device is the current state of the device hardware. The device driver manages the device context for a process on behalf of the process. The driver must maintain a separate device context for each process that accesses the device. The device driver has the responsibility to restore the correct device context when a process accesses the device.

Context Management Model

Frame buffers provide a good example of device context management. An accelerated frame buffer enables user processes to directly manipulate the control registers of the device through memory-mapped access. Because these processes do not use traditional system calls, a process that accesses the device need not call the device driver. However, the device driver must be notified when a process is about to access a device. The driver needs to restore the correct device context and needs to provide any necessary synchronization.

To resolve this problem, the device context management interfaces enable a device driver to be notified when a user process accesses memory-mapped regions of the device, and to control accesses to the device's hardware. Synchronization and management of the various device contexts are the responsibility of the device driver. When a user process accesses a mapping, the device driver must restore the correct device context for that process.

A device driver is notified whenever a user process performs any of the following actions:

  • Accesses a mapping

  • Duplicates a mapping

  • Frees a mapping

  • Creates a mapping

The following figure shows multiple user processes that have memory-mapped a device. The driver has granted process B access to the device, and process B no longer notifies the driver of accesses. However, the driver is still notified if either process A or process C accesses the device.

Figure 11-1 Device Context Management
Diagram shows three processes, A, B, and C, with Process B having sole access to the device.

At some point in the future, process A accesses the device. The device driver is notified and blocks future access to the device by process B. The driver then saves the device context for process B. The driver restores the device context of process A. The driver then grants access to process A, as illustrated in the following figure. At this point, the device driver is notified if either process B or process C accesses the device.

Figure 11-2 Device Context Switched to User Process A
Diagram continues example in previous figure with sole device access switched to Process A.

On a multiprocessor machine, multiple processes could attempt to access the device at the same time. This situation can cause thrashing. Some devices require a longer time to restore a device context. To prevent more CPU time from being used to restore a device context than to actually use that device context, the minimum time that a process needs to have access to the device can be set using devmap_set_ctx_timeout(9F).

The kernel guarantees that once a device driver has granted access to a process, no other process is allowed to request access to the same device for the time interval specified by devmap_set_ctx_timeout(9F).

Previous Next

 
 
  Published under the terms fo the Public Documentation License Version 1.01. Design by Interspire