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13.1.5. CREATE TABLE Syntax

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options] [select_statement]

Or:

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(] LIKE old_tbl_name [)];

create_definition:
    column_definition
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
  | KEY [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
  | INDEX [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX]
        [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
  | FULLTEXT [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
      [WITH PARSER parser_name]
  | SPATIAL [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
        [index_name] (index_col_name,...) [reference_definition]
  | CHECK (expr)

column_definition:
    col_name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT default_value]
        [AUTO_INCREMENT] [UNIQUE [KEY] | [PRIMARY] KEY]
        [COMMENT 'string'] [reference_definition]

type:
    TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | DECIMAL(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | NUMERIC(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
  | DATE
  | TIME
  | TIMESTAMP
  | DATETIME
  | YEAR
  | CHAR(length) [BINARY | ASCII | UNICODE]
  | VARCHAR(length) [BINARY]
  | BINARY(length)
  | VARBINARY(length)
  | TINYBLOB
  | BLOB
  | MEDIUMBLOB
  | LONGBLOB
  | TINYTEXT [BINARY]
  | TEXT [BINARY]
  | MEDIUMTEXT [BINARY]
  | LONGTEXT [BINARY]
  | ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)
  | SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
  | spatial_type

index_col_name:
    col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

reference_definition:
    REFERENCES tbl_name [(index_col_name,...)]
               [MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE]
               [ON DELETE reference_option]
               [ON UPDATE reference_option]

reference_option:
    RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION

table_options: table_option [table_option] ...

table_option:
    ENGINE [=] engine_name
  | AUTO_INCREMENT [=] value
  | AVG_ROW_LENGTH [=] value
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name]
  | CHECKSUM [=] {0 | 1}
  | COMMENT [=] 'string'
  | CONNECTION [=] 'connect_string'
  | MAX_ROWS [=] value
  | MIN_ROWS [=] value
  | PACK_KEYS [=] {0 | 1 | DEFAULT}
  | PASSWORD [=] 'string'
  | DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] {0 | 1}
  | ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT|DYNAMIC|FIXED|COMPRESSED|REDUNDANT|COMPACT}
  | UNION [=] (tbl_name[,tbl_name]...)
  | INSERT_METHOD [=] { NO | FIRST | LAST }
  | DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
  | INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'

partition_options:
    PARTITION BY
           [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
        |  [LINEAR] KEY(column_list)
        |  RANGE(expr)
        |  LIST(expr)
    [PARTITIONS num]
    [  SUBPARTITION BY
           [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
         | [LINEAR] KEY(column_list)
      [SUBPARTITIONS num]
    ]
    [(partition_definition) [, (partition_definition)] ...]

partition_definition:
    PARTITION partition_name
        [VALUES {LESS THAN (expr) | MAXVALUE | IN (value_list)}]
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine-name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'comment_text' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] (tablespace_name)]
        [NODEGROUP [=] node_group_id]
        [(subpartition_definition) [, (subpartition_definition)] ...]

subpartition_definition:
    SUBPARTITION logical_name
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine-name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'comment_text' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] (tablespace_name)]
        [NODEGROUP [=] node_group_id]

select_statement:
    [IGNORE | REPLACE] [AS] SELECT ...   (Some legal select statement)

CREATE TABLE creates a table with the given name. You must have the CREATE privilege for the table.

Rules for allowable table names are given in Section 9.2, “Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names”. By default, the table is created in the default database. An error occurs if the table exists, if there is no default database, or if the database does not exist.

The table name can be specified as db_name.tbl_name to create the table in a specific database. This works regardless of whether there is a default database, assuming that the database exists. If you use quoted identifiers, quote the database and table names separately. For example, `mydb`.`mytbl` is legal, but `mydb.mytbl` is not.

You can use the TEMPORARY keyword when creating a table. A TEMPORARY table is visible only to the current connection, and is dropped automatically when the connection is closed. This means that two different connections can use the same temporary table name without conflicting with each other or with an existing non-TEMPORARY table of the same name. (The existing table is hidden until the temporary table is dropped.) To create temporary tables, you must have the CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES privilege.

The keywords IF NOT EXISTS prevent an error from occurring if the table exists. However, there is no verification that the existing table has a structure identical to that indicated by the CREATE TABLE statement. Note: If you use IF NOT EXISTS in a CREATE TABLE ... SELECT statement, any rows selected by the SELECT part are inserted regardless of whether the table already exists.

MySQL represents each table by an .frm table format (definition) file in the database directory. The storage engine for the table might create other files as well. In the case of MyISAM tables, the storage engine creates data and index files. Thus, for each MyISAM table tbl_name, there are three disk files:

File Purpose
tbl_name.frm Table format (definition) file
tbl_name.MYD Data file
tbl_name.MYI Index file

Chapter 14, Storage Engines and Table Types, describes what files each storage engine creates to represent tables.

type represents the data type is a column definition. spatial_type represents a spatial data type. For general information on the properties of data types other than the spatial types, see Chapter 11, Data Types. For information about spatial data types, see Chapter 18, Spatial Extensions.

  • If neither NULL nor NOT NULL is specified, the column is treated as though NULL had been specified.

  • An integer column can have the additional attribute AUTO_INCREMENT. When you insert a value of NULL (recommended) or 0 into an indexed AUTO_INCREMENT column, the column is set to the next sequence value. Typically this is value+1, where value is the largest value for the column currently in the table. AUTO_INCREMENT sequences begin with 1.

    To retrieve an AUTO_INCREMENT value after inserting a row, use the LAST_INSERT_ID() SQL function or the mysql_insert_id() C API function. See Section 12.10.3, “Information Functions”, and Section 25.2.3.36, “mysql_insert_id().

    If the NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode is enabled, you can store 0 in AUTO_INCREMENT columns as 0 without generating a new sequence value. See Section 5.2.5, “The Server SQL Mode”.

    Note: There can be only one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table, it must be indexed, and it cannot have a DEFAULT value. An AUTO_INCREMENT column works properly only if it contains only positive values. Inserting a negative number is regarded as inserting a very large positive number. This is done to avoid precision problems when numbers “wrap” over from positive to negative and also to ensure that you do not accidentally get an AUTO_INCREMENT column that contains 0.

    For MyISAM and BDB tables, you can specify an AUTO_INCREMENT secondary column in a multiple-column key. See Section 3.6.9, “Using AUTO_INCREMENT.

    To make MySQL compatible with some ODBC applications, you can find the AUTO_INCREMENT value for the last inserted row with the following query:

    SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto_col IS NULL
    
  • The attribute SERIAL can be used as an alias for BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT UNIQUE.

  • Character data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT) can include CHARACTER SET and COLLATE attributes to specify the character set and collation for the column. For details, see Chapter 10, Character Set Support. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET. Example:

    CREATE TABLE t (c CHAR(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_bin);
    

    MySQL 5.1 interprets length specifications in character column definitions in characters. (Versions before MySQL 4.1 interpreted them in bytes.)

  • The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value for a column. With one exception, the default value must be a constant; it cannot be a function or an expression. This means, for example, that you cannot set the default for a date column to be the value of a function such as NOW() or CURRENT_DATE. The exception is that you can specify CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as the default for a TIMESTAMP column. See Section 11.3.1.1, “TIMESTAMP Properties as of MySQL 4.1”.

    If a column definition includes no explicit DEFAULT value, MySQL determines the default value as described in Section 11.1.4, “Data Type Default Values”.

    BLOB and TEXT columns cannot be assigned a default value.

  • A comment for a column can be specified with the COMMENT option. The comment is displayed by the SHOW CREATE TABLE and SHOW FULL COLUMNS statements.

  • KEY is normally a synonym for INDEX. The key attribute PRIMARY KEY can also be specified as just KEY when given in a column definition. This was implemented for compatibility with other database systems.

  • A UNIQUE index creates a constraint such that all values in the index must be distinct. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key that matches an existing row. The exception to this is that if a column in the index is allowed to contain NULL values, it can contain multiple NULL values. This exception does not apply to BDB tables, for which a column with a UNIQUE index allows only a single NULL.

  • A PRIMARY KEY is a unique index where all key columns must be defined as NOT NULL. If they are not explicitly declared as NOT NULL, MySQL declares them so implicitly (and silently). A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY. If you do not have a PRIMARY KEY and an application asks for the PRIMARY KEY in your tables, MySQL returns the first UNIQUE index that has no NULL columns as the PRIMARY KEY.

  • In the created table, a PRIMARY KEY is placed first, followed by all UNIQUE indexes, and then the non-unique indexes. This helps the MySQL optimizer to prioritize which index to use and also more quickly to detect duplicated UNIQUE keys.

  • A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. However, you cannot create a multiple-column index using the PRIMARY KEY key attribute in a column specification. Doing so only marks that single column as primary. You must use a separate PRIMARY KEY(index_col_name, ...) clause.

  • If a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE index consists of only one column that has an integer type, you can also refer to the column as _rowid in SELECT statements.

  • In MySQL, the name of a PRIMARY KEY is PRIMARY. For other indexes, if you do not assign a name, the index is assigned the same name as the first indexed column, with an optional suffix (_2, _3, ...) to make it unique. You can see index names for a table using SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name. See Section 13.5.4.15, “SHOW INDEX Syntax”.

  • Some storage engines allow you to specify an index type when creating an index. The syntax for the index_type specifier is USING type_name.

    Example:

    CREATE TABLE lookup
      (id INT, INDEX USING BTREE (id))
      ENGINE = MEMORY;
    

    For details about USING, see Section 13.1.4, “CREATE INDEX Syntax”.

    For more information about how MySQL uses indexes, see Section 7.4.5, “How MySQL Uses Indexes”.

  • In MySQL 5.1, only the MyISAM, InnoDB, BDB, and MEMORY storage engines support indexes on columns that can have NULL values. In other cases, you must declare indexed columns as NOT NULL or an error results.

  • With col_name(length) syntax in an index specification, you can create an index that uses only part of a column. Index entries consist of the first length characters of each column value for CHAR and VARCHAR columns, and the first length bytes of each column value for BINARY and VARBINARY columns. Indexing only a prefix of column values like this can make the index file much smaller. See Section 7.4.3, “Column Indexes”.

    The MyISAM, BDB, and InnoDB storage engines support indexing on BLOB and TEXT columns. When indexing a BLOB or TEXT column, you must specify a prefix length for the index. For example:

    CREATE TABLE test (blob_col BLOB, INDEX(blob_col(10)));
    

    Prefixes can be up to 1000 bytes long (767 bytes for InnoDB tables). Note that prefix limits are measured in bytes, whereas the prefix length in CREATE TABLE statements is interpreted as number of characters for non-binary data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT). Take this into account when specifying a prefix length for a column that uses a multi-byte character set.

  • An index_col_name specification can end with ASC or DESC. These keywords are allowed for future extensions for specifying ascending or descending index value storage. Currently, they are parsed but ignored; index values are always stored in ascending order.

  • When you use ORDER BY or GROUP BY on a TEXT or BLOB column in a SELECT, the server sorts values using only the initial number of bytes indicated by the max_sort_length system variable. See Section 11.4.3, “The BLOB and TEXT Types”.

  • You can create special FULLTEXT indexes, which are used for full-text searches. Only the MyISAM storage engine supports FULLTEXT indexes. They can be created only from CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns. Indexing always happens over the entire column; partial indexing is not supported and any prefix length is ignored if specified. See Section 12.7, “Full-Text Search Functions”, for details of operation. A WITH PARSER clause can be specified to associate a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. This clause is legal only for FULLTEXT indexes. See Section 27.2, “The MySQL Plugin Interface”, for details on creating plugins.

  • You can create SPATIAL indexes on spatial data types. Spatial types are supported only for MyISAM tables and indexed columns must be declared as NOT NULL. See Chapter 18, Spatial Extensions.

  • InnoDB tables support checking of foreign key constraints. See Section 14.2, “The InnoDB Storage Engine”. Note that the FOREIGN KEY syntax in InnoDB is more restrictive than the syntax presented for the CREATE TABLE statement at the beginning of this section: The columns of the referenced table must always be explicitly named. InnoDB supports both ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions on foreign keys. For the precise syntax, see Section 14.2.6.4, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.

    For other storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines. See Section 1.9.5.5, “Foreign Keys”.

  • For MyISAM tables, each NULL column takes one bit extra, rounded up to the nearest byte. The maximum row length in bytes can be calculated as follows:

    row length = 1
                 + (sum of column lengths)
                 + (number of NULL columns + delete_flag + 7)/8
                 + (number of variable-length columns)
    

    delete_flag is 1 for tables with static row format. Static tables use a bit in the row record for a flag that indicates whether the row has been deleted. delete_flag is 0 for dynamic tables because the flag is stored in the dynamic row header.

    These calculations do not apply for InnoDB tables, for which storage size is no different for NULL columns than for NOT NULL columns.

The ENGINE table option specifies the storage engine for the table.

The ENGINE table option takes the storage engine names shown in the following table.

Storage Engine Description
ARCHIVE The archiving storage engine. See Section 14.8, “The ARCHIVE Storage Engine”.
BDB Transaction-safe tables with page locking. Also known as BerkeleyDB. See Section 14.5, “The BDB (BerkeleyDB) Storage Engine”.
CSV Tables that store rows in comma-separated values format. See Section 14.9, “The CSV Storage Engine”.
EXAMPLE An example engine. See Section 14.6, “The EXAMPLE Storage Engine”.
FEDERATED Storage engine that accesses remote tables. See Section 14.7, “The FEDERATED Storage Engine”.
HEAP This is a synonym for MEMORY.
ISAM (OBSOLETE) Not available in MySQL 5.1. If you are upgrading to MySQL 5.1 from a previous version, you should convert any existing ISAM tables to MyISAM before performing the upgrade.
InnoDB Transaction-safe tables with row locking and foreign keys. See Section 14.2, “The InnoDB Storage Engine”.
MEMORY The data for this storage engine is stored only in memory. See Section 14.4, “The MEMORY (HEAP) Storage Engine”.
MERGE A collection of MyISAM tables used as one table. Also known as MRG_MyISAM. See Section 14.3, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.
MyISAM The binary portable storage engine that is the default storage engine used by MySQL. See Section 14.1, “The MyISAM Storage Engine”.
NDBCLUSTER Clustered, fault-tolerant, memory-based tables. Also known as NDB. See Chapter 16, MySQL Cluster.

If a storage engine is specified that is not available, MySQL uses the default engine instead. Normally, this is MyISAM. For example, if a table definition includes the ENGINE=BDB option but the MySQL server does not support BDB tables, the table is created as a MyISAM table. This makes it possible to have a replication setup where you have transactional tables on the master but tables created on the slave are non-transactional (to get more speed). In MySQL 5.1, a warning occurs if the storage engine specification is not honored.

The other table options are used to optimize the behavior of the table. In most cases, you do not have to specify any of them. These options apply to all storage engines unless otherwise indicated:

  • AUTO_INCREMENT

    The initial AUTO_INCREMENT value for the table. In MySQL 5.1, this works for MyISAM, MEMORY, and InnoDB tables. To set the first auto-increment value for engines that do not support the AUTO_INCREMENT table option, insert a “dummy” row with a value one less than the desired value after creating the table, and then delete the dummy row.

    For engines that support the AUTO_INCREMENT table option in CREATE TABLE statements, you can also use ALTER TABLE tbl_name AUTO_INCREMENT = N to reset the AUTO_INCREMENT value.

  • AVG_ROW_LENGTH

    An approximation of the average row length for your table. You need to set this only for large tables with variable-size rows.

    When you create a MyISAM table, MySQL uses the product of the MAX_ROWS and AVG_ROW_LENGTH options to decide how big the resulting table is. If you don't specify either option, the maximum size for a table is 65,536TB of data. (If your operating system does not support files that large, table sizes are constrained by the file size limit.) If you want to keep down the pointer sizes to make the index smaller and faster and you don't really need big files, you can decrease the default pointer size by setting the myisam_data_pointer_size system variable. (See Section 5.2.2, “Server System Variables”.) If you want all your tables to be able to grow above the default limit and are willing to have your tables slightly slower and larger than necessary, you can increase the default pointer size by setting this variable.

  • [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET

    Specify a default character set for the table. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET.

  • COLLATE

    Specify a default collation for the table.

  • CHECKSUM

    Set this to 1 if you want MySQL to maintain a live checksum for all rows (that is, a checksum that MySQL updates automatically as the table changes). This makes the table a little slower to update, but also makes it easier to find corrupted tables. The CHECKSUM TABLE statement reports the checksum. (MyISAM only.)

  • COMMENT

    A comment for the table, up to 60 characters long.

  • CONNECTION

    The connection string for a FEDERATED table. (Note: Older versions of MySQL used a COMMENT option for the connection string.)

  • MAX_ROWS

    The maximum number of rows you plan to store in the table. This is not a hard limit, but rather an indicator that the table must be able to store at least this many rows.

  • MIN_ROWS

    The minimum number of rows you plan to store in the table.

  • PACK_KEYS

    Set this option to 1 if you want to have smaller indexes. This usually makes updates slower and reads faster. Setting the option to 0 disables all packing of keys. Setting it to DEFAULT tells the storage engine to pack only long CHAR or VARCHAR columns. (MyISAM only.)

    If you do not use PACK_KEYS, the default is to pack strings, but not numbers. If you use PACK_KEYS=1, numbers are packed as well.

    When packing binary number keys, MySQL uses prefix compression:

    • Every key needs one extra byte to indicate how many bytes of the previous key are the same for the next key.

    • The pointer to the row is stored in high-byte-first order directly after the key, to improve compression.

    This means that if you have many equal keys on two consecutive rows, all following “same” keys usually only take two bytes (including the pointer to the row). Compare this to the ordinary case where the following keys takes storage_size_for_key + pointer_size (where the pointer size is usually 4). Conversely, you get a significant benefit from prefix compression only if you have many numbers that are the same. If all keys are totally different, you use one byte more per key, if the key is not a key that can have NULL values. (In this case, the packed key length is stored in the same byte that is used to mark if a key is NULL.)

  • PASSWORD

    Encrypt the .frm file with a password. This option does nothing in the standard MySQL version.

  • DELAY_KEY_WRITE

    Set this to 1 if you want to delay key updates for the table until the table is closed. See the description of the delay_key_write system variable in Section 5.2.2, “Server System Variables”. (MyISAM only.)

  • ROW_FORMAT

    Defines how the rows should be stored. For MyISAM tables, the option value can be FIXED or DYNAMIC for static or variable-length row format. myisampack sets the type to COMPRESSED. See Section 14.1.3, “MyISAM Table Storage Formats”.

    For InnoDB tables, rows are stored in compact format (ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT) by default. The non-compact format used in older versions of MySQL can still be requested by specifying ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT.

  • RAID_TYPE

    RAID support has been removed as of MySQL 5.0. For information on RAID, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/create-table.html.

  • UNION

    UNION is used when you want to access a collection of identical MyISAM tables as one. This works only with MERGE tables. See Section 14.3, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.

    You must have SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE privileges for the tables you map to a MERGE table. (Note: Formerly, all tables used had to be in the same database as the MERGE table itself. This restriction no longer applies.)

  • INSERT_METHOD

    If you want to insert data into a MERGE table, you must specify with INSERT_METHOD the table into which the row should be inserted. INSERT_METHOD is an option useful for MERGE tables only. Use a value of FIRST or LAST to have inserts go to the first or last table, or a value of NO to prevent inserts. See Section 14.3, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.

  • DATA DIRECTORY, INDEX DIRECTORY

    By using DATA DIRECTORY='directory' or INDEX DIRECTORY='directory' you can specify where the MyISAM storage engine should put a table's data file and index file. The directory must be the full pathname to the directory, not a relative path.

    These options work only when you are not using the --skip-symbolic-links option. Your operating system must also have a working, thread-safe realpath() call. See Section 7.6.1.2, “Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix”, for more complete information.

  • partition_options can be used to control partitioning of the table created with CREATE TABLE, and if used, must contain at a minimum a PARTITION BY clause. This clause contains the function that is used to determine the partition; the function returns an integer value ranging from 1 to num, where num is the number of partitions. The choices that are available for this function in MySQL 5.1 are shown in the following list.

    Important: Not all options shown in the syntax for partition_options at the beginning of this section are available for all partitioning types. Please see the listings for the following individual types for information specific to each type, and see Chapter 17, Partitioning, for more complete information about the workings of and uses for partitioning in MySQL, as well as additional examples of table creation and other statements relating to MySQL partitioning.

    • HASH(expr): Hashes one or more columns to create a key for placing and locating rows. expr is an expression using one or more table columns. This can be any legal MySQL expression (including MySQL functions) that yields a single integer value. For example, these are all valid CREATE TABLE statements using PARTITION BY HASH:

      CREATE TABLE t1 (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5))
          PARTITION BY HASH(col1);
      
      CREATE TABLE t1 (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5))
          PARTITION BY HASH( ORD(col2) );
      
      CREATE TABLE t1 (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATETIME)
          PARTITION BY HASH ( YEAR(col3) );
      

      You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY HASH.

      PARTITION BY HASH uses the remainder of expr divided by the number of partitions (that is, the modulus). For examples and additional information, see Section 17.2.3, “HASH Partitioning”.

      The LINEAR keyword entails a somewhat different algorithm. In this case, the number of the partition in which a row is stored is calculated as the result of one or more logical AND operations. For discussion and examples of linear hashing, see Section 17.2.3.1, “LINEAR HASH Partitioning”.

    • KEY(column_list): This is similar to HASH, except that MySQL supplies the hashing function so as to guarantee an even data distribution. The column_list argument is simply a list of table columns. This example shows a simple table partitioned by key, with 4 partitions:

      CREATE TABLE tk (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATE)
          PARTITION BY KEY(col3)
          PARTITIONS 4;
      

      For tables that are partitioned by key, you can employ linear partitioning by using the LINEAR keyword. This has the same effect as with tables that are partitioned by HASH. That is, the partition number is found using the & operator rather than the modulus (see Section 17.2.3.1, “LINEAR HASH Partitioning”, and Section 17.2.4, “KEY Partitioning”, for details). This example uses linear partitioning by key to distribute data between 5 partitions:

      CREATE TABLE tk (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATE)
          PARTITION BY LINEAR KEY(col3)
          PARTITIONS 5;
      

      You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY KEY.

    • RANGE: In this case, expr shows a range of values using a set of VALUES LESS THAN operators. When using range partitioning, you must define at least one partition using VALUES LESS THAN. You cannot use VALUES IN with range partitioning.

      VALUES LESS THAN can be used with either a literal value or an expression that evaluates to a single value.

      Suppose that you have a table that you wish to partition on a column containing year values, according to the following scheme:

      Partition Number: Years Range:
      0 1990 and earlier
      1 1991 – 1994
      2 1995 – 1998
      3 1999 – 2002
      4 2003 – 2005
      5 2006 and later

      A table implementing such a partitioning scheme can be realized by the CREATE TABLE statement shown here:

      CREATE TABLE t1 (
          year_col  INT,
          some_data INT
      )
      PARTITION BY RANGE (year_col) (
          PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1991),
          PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1995),
          PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1999),
          PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (2002),
          PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (2006),
          PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
      );
      

      PARTITION ... VALUES LESS THAN ... statements work in a consecutive fashion. VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE works to specify “leftover” values that are greater than the maximum value otherwise specified.

      Note that VALUES LESS THAN clauses work sequentially in a manner similar to that of the case portions of a switch ... case block (as found in many programming languages such as C, Java, and PHP). That is, the clauses must be arranged in such a way that the upper limit specified in each successive VALUES LESS THAN is greater than that of the previous one, with the one referencing MAXVALUE coming last of all in the list.

    • LIST(expr): This is useful when assigning partitions based on a table column with a restricted set of possible values, such as a state or country code. In such a case, all rows pertaining to a certain state or country can be assigned to a single partition, or a partition can be reserved for a certain set of states or countries. It is similar to RANGE, except that only VALUES IN may be used to specify allowable values for each partition.

      VALUES IN is used with a list of values to be matched. For instance, you could create a partitioning scheme such as the following:

      CREATE TABLE client_firms (
          id   INT,
          name VARCHAR(35)
      )
      PARTITION BY LIST (id) (
          PARTITION r0 VALUES IN (1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21),
          PARTITION r1 VALUES IN (2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22),
          PARTITION r2 VALUES IN (3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23),
          PARTITION r3 VALUES IN (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24)
      );
      

      When using list partitioning, you must define at least one partition using VALUES IN. You cannot use VALUES LESS THAN with PARTITION BY LIST.

      Note: Currently, the value list used with VALUES IN must consist of integer values only.

    • The number of partitions may optionally be specified with a PARTITIONS num clause, where num is the number of partitions. If both this clause and any PARTITION clauses are used, num must be equal to the total number of any partitions that are declared using PARTITION clauses.

      Note: Whether or not you use a PARTITIONS clause in creating a table that is partitioned by RANGE or LIST, you must still include at least one PARTITION VALUES clause in the table definition (see below).

    • A partition may optionally be divided into a number of subpartitions. This can be indicated by using the optional SUBPARTITION BY clause. Subpartitioning may be done by HASH or KEY. Either of these may be LINEAR. These work in the same way as previously described for the equivalent partitioning types. (It is not possible to subpartition by LIST or RANGE.)

      The number of subpartitions can be indicated using the SUBPARTITIONS keyword followed by an integer value.

    Each partition may be individually defined using a partition_definition clause. The individual parts making up this clause are as follows:

    • PARTITION partition_name: This specifies a logical name for the partition.

    • A VALUES clause: For range partitioning, each partition must include a VALUES LESS THAN clause; for list partitioning, you must specify a VALUES IN clause for each partition. This is used to determine which rows are to be stored in this partition. See the discussions of partitioning types in Chapter 17, Partitioning, for syntax examples.

    • An optional COMMENT clause may be used to describe the partition. The comment must be set off in single quotes. Example:

      COMMENT = 'Data for the years previous to 1999'
      
    • DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY may be used to indicate the directory where, respectively, the data and indexes for this partition are to be stored. Both the data_dir and the index_dir must be absolute system pathnames. Example:

      CREATE TABLE th (id INT, name VARCHAR(30), adate DATE)
      PARTITION BY LIST(YEAR(adate))
      (
        PARTITION p1999 VALUES IN (1995, 1999, 2003)
          DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/95/data'
          INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/95/idx',
        PARTITION p2000 VALUES IN (1996, 2000, 2004)
          DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/96/data'
          INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/96/idx',
        PARTITION p2001 VALUES IN (1997, 2001, 2005)
          DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/97/data'
          INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/97/idx',
        PARTITION p2000 VALUES IN (1998, 2002, 2006)
          DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/98/data'
          INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/98/idx'
      );
      

      DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY behave in the same way as in the CREATE TABLE statement's table_option clause as used for MyISAM tables.

      One data directory and one index directory may be specified per partition. If left unspecified, the data and indexes are stored by default in the MySQL data directory.

    • MAX_ROWS and MIN_ROWS may be used to specify, respectively, the maximum and minimum number of rows to be stored in the partition. The values for max_number_of_rows and min_number_of_rows must be positive integers. As with the table-level options with the same names, these act only as “suggestions” to the server and are not hard limits.

    • The optional TABLESPACE clause may be used to designate a tablespace for the partition. Used for MySQL Cluster only.

    • The optional [STORAGE] ENGINE clause causes the tables in this partition to use the storage engine specified, which may be any engine supported by this MySQL server. Both the STORAGE keyword and the equals sign (=) are optional. If no partition-specific storage engine is set using this option, the engine applying to the table as a whole is used for this partition.

      Note: The partitioning handler accepts a [STORAGE] ENGINE option for both PARTITION and SUBPARTITION. Currently, the only way in which this can be used is to set all partitions or all subpartitions to the same sorage engine, and an attempt to set different storage engines for partitions or ubpartitions in the same table will give rise to the error ERROR 1469 (HY000): The mix of handlers in the partitions is not allowed in this version of MySQL. We expect to lift this restriction on partitioning in a future MySQL 5.1 release.

    • The NODEGROUP option can be used to make this partition act as part of the node group identified by node_group_id. This option is applicable only to MySQL Cluster.

    • The partition definition may optionally contain one or more subpartition_definition clauses. Each of these consists at a minimum of the SUBPARTITION name, where name is an identifier for the subpartition. Except for the replacement of the PARTITION keyword with SUBPARTITION, the syntax for a subpartition definition is identical to that for a partition definition.

      Subpartitioning must be done by HASH or KEY, and can be done only on RANGE or LIST partitions. See Section 17.2.5, “Subpartitioning”.

    Partitions can be modified, merged, added to tables, and dropped from tables. For basic information about the MySQL statements to accomplish these tasks, see Section 13.1.2, “ALTER TABLE Syntax”. For more detailed descriptions and examples, see Section 17.3, “Partition Management”.

You can create one table from another by adding a SELECT statement at the end of the CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE new_tbl SELECT * FROM orig_tbl;

MySQL creates new columns for all elements in the SELECT. For example:

mysql> CREATE TABLE test (a INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    ->        PRIMARY KEY (a), KEY(b))
    ->        ENGINE=MyISAM SELECT b,c FROM test2;

This creates a MyISAM table with three columns, a, b, and c. Notice that the columns from the SELECT statement are appended to the right side of the table, not overlapped onto it. Take the following example:

mysql> SELECT * FROM foo;
+---+
| n |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+

mysql> CREATE TABLE bar (m INT) SELECT n FROM foo;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM bar;
+------+---+
| m    | n |
+------+---+
| NULL | 1 |
+------+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

For each row in table foo, a row is inserted in bar with the values from foo and default values for the new columns.

In a table resulting from CREATE TABLE ... SELECT, columns named only in the CREATE TABLE part come first. Columns named in both parts or only in the SELECT part come after that. The data type of SELECT columns can be overridden by also specifying the column in the CREATE TABLE part.

If any errors occur while copying the data to the table, it is automatically dropped and not created.

CREATE TABLE ... SELECT does not automatically create any indexes for you. This is done intentionally to make the statement as flexible as possible. If you want to have indexes in the created table, you should specify these before the SELECT statement:

mysql> CREATE TABLE bar (UNIQUE (n)) SELECT n FROM foo;

Some conversion of data types might occur. For example, the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute is not preserved, and VARCHAR columns can become CHAR columns.

When creating a table with CREATE ... SELECT, make sure to alias any function calls or expressions in the query. If you do not, the CREATE statement might fail or result in undesirable column names.

CREATE TABLE artists_and_works
  SELECT artist.name, COUNT(work.artist_id) AS number_of_works
  FROM artist LEFT JOIN work ON artist.id = work.artist_id
  GROUP BY artist.id;

You can also explicitly specify the type for a generated column:

CREATE TABLE foo (a TINYINT NOT NULL) SELECT b+1 AS a FROM bar;

Use LIKE to create an empty table based on the definition of another table, including any column attributes and indexes defined in the original table:

CREATE TABLE new_tbl LIKE orig_tbl;

CREATE TABLE ... LIKE does not preserve any DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY table options that were specified for the original table, or any foreign key definitions.

You can precede the SELECT by IGNORE or REPLACE to indicate how to handle rows that duplicate unique key values. With IGNORE, new rows that duplicate an existing row on a unique key value are discarded. With REPLACE, new rows replace rows that have the same unique key value. If neither IGNORE nor REPLACE is specified, duplicate unique key values result in an error.

To ensure that the binary log can be used to re-create the original tables, MySQL does not allow concurrent inserts during CREATE TABLE ... SELECT.


 
 
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