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	Next: Type Index, Previous: Documentation License, Up: Top Concept Index /etc/hostname: Host Identification `/etc/nsswitch.conf`: NSS Configuration File 4.`n` BSD Unix: Berkeley Unix __va_copy: Copying and Concatenation `_POSIX_OPTION_ORDER` environment variable.: Standard Environment `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS`: How Change Persona abort signal: Program Error Signals aborting a program: Aborting a Program absolute file name: File Name Resolution absolute priority: Absolute Priority absolute value functions: Absolute Value accepting connections: Accepting Connections access permission for a file: Access Permission access, testing for: Testing File Access accessing directories: Accessing Directories address of socket: Socket Addresses address space: Program Basics address space: Memory Subsystem alarm signal: Alarm Signals alarms, setting: Setting an Alarm alignment (in obstacks): Obstacks Data Alignment alignment (with `malloc`): Aligned Memory Blocks `alloca` disadvantages: Disadvantages of Alloca `alloca` function: Variable Size Automatic allocating pseudo-terminals: Allocation allocation (obstacks): Allocation in an Obstack allocation debugging: Allocation Debugging allocation hooks, for `malloc`: Hooks for Malloc allocation of memory with `malloc`: Basic Allocation allocation size of string: Representation of Strings allocation statistics: Statistics of Malloc alphabetic character: Classification of Wide Characters alphabetic character: Classification of Characters alphanumeric character: Classification of Wide Characters alphanumeric character: Classification of Characters append-access files: File Position argc (program argument count): Program Arguments argp (program argument parser): Argp argp parser functions: Argp Parser Functions ARGP_HELP_FMT environment variable: Argp User Customization argument parsing with argp: Argp argument promotion: Calling Variadics argument vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors arguments (variadic functions): Receiving Arguments arguments, how many: How Many Arguments arguments, to program: Program Arguments argv (program argument vector): Program Arguments argz vectors (string vectors): Argz and Envz Vectors arithmetic expansion: Expansion Stages array comparison functions: String/Array Comparison array copy functions: Copying and Concatenation array search function: Array Search Function array sort function: Array Sort Function ASCII character: Classification of Characters assertions: Consistency Checking attributes of a file: Attribute Meanings automatic freeing: Variable Size Automatic automatic memory allocation: Memory Allocation and C automatic storage class: Memory Allocation and C automatic storage with variable size: Variable Size Automatic background job: Concepts of Job Control background job, launching: Foreground and Background backtrace: Backtraces backtrace_fd: Backtraces backtrace_symbols: Backtraces base (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts baud rate: Line Speed Berkeley Unix: Berkeley Unix Bessel functions: Special Functions bias (of floating point number exponent): Floating Point Concepts big-endian: Byte Order binary I/O to a stream: Block Input/Output binary search function (for arrays): Array Search Function binary stream: Binary Streams binding a socket address: Socket Addresses blank character: Classification of Wide Characters blank character: Classification of Characters block I/O to a stream: Block Input/Output blocked signals: Delivery of Signal blocked signals, checking for: Checking for Pending Signals blocking signals: Blocking Signals blocking signals, in a handler: Blocking for Handler bootstrapping, and services: Actions in the NSS configuration break condition, detecting: Input Modes break condition, generating: Line Control breaking a string into tokens: Finding Tokens in a String broken pipe signal: Operation Error Signals broken-down time: Broken-down Time broken-down time: Calendar Time BSD compatibility library: Process Group Functions BSD compatibility library.: Feature Test Macros BSD Unix: Berkeley Unix buffering of streams: Stream Buffering buffering, controlling: Controlling Buffering bugs, reporting: Reporting Bugs bus error: Program Error Signals butterfly: Misc FP Arithmetic byte order conversion, for socket: Byte Order byte stream: Socket Concepts C++ streams: Streams and I18N calendar time: Time Basics calendar time and broken-down time: Broken-down Time calendar, Gregorian: Calendar Time calling variadic functions: Calling Variadics canonical input processing: Canonical or Not capacity limits, POSIX: General Limits carrier detect: Control Modes case conversion of characters: Case Conversion catching signals: Delivery of Signal categories for locales: Locale Categories change working directory: Working Directory changing the locale: Setting the Locale changing the size of a block (`malloc`): Changing Block Size changing the size of a block (obstacks): Growing Objects channels: Stream/Descriptor Precautions character case conversion: Case Conversion character predicates: Classification of Characters character testing: Classification of Characters checking for pending signals: Checking for Pending Signals child process: Process Creation Concepts child process: Processes child process: Processor Time child process signal: Job Control Signals chunks: Obstack Chunks classes, floating-point: Floating Point Classes classification of characters: Classification of Characters cleaning up a stream: Linked Channels clearing terminal input queue: Line Control client: Connections clock ticks: Processor And CPU Time clock, high accuracy: High Accuracy Clock close-on-exec (file descriptor flag): Descriptor Flags closing a file descriptor: Opening and Closing Files closing a socket: Closing a Socket closing a stream: Closing Streams collating strings: Collation Functions combining locales: Choosing Locale command argument syntax: Argument Syntax command arguments, parsing: Parsing Program Arguments command line arguments: Program Arguments command substitution: Expansion Stages communication style (of a socket): Socket Concepts comparing strings and arrays: String/Array Comparison Comparison Function: Comparison Functions compiling: Configuring and compiling complex exponentiation functions: Exponents and Logarithms complex logarithm functions: Exponents and Logarithms complex numbers: Complex Numbers complex trigonometric functions: Trig Functions concatenating strings: Copying and Concatenation configurations, all supported: Supported Configurations configuring: Configuring and compiling conjugate complex numbers: Operations on Complex connecting a socket: Connecting connection: Connections consistency checking: Consistency Checking consistency checking, of heap: Heap Consistency Checking constants: Mathematical Constants constants: Memory Concepts continue signal: Job Control Signals control character: Classification of Wide Characters control character: Classification of Characters control operations on files: Control Operations controlling process: Controlling Terminal controlling terminal: Concepts of Job Control controlling terminal, access to: Access to the Terminal controlling terminal, determining: Identifying the Terminal controlling terminal, setting: Open-time Flags conversion specifications (`printf`): Formatted Output Basics conversion specifications (`scanf`): Formatted Input Basics converting byte order: Byte Order converting case of characters: Case Conversion converting file descriptor to stream: Descriptors and Streams converting floats to integers: Rounding Functions converting group ID to group name: Lookup Group converting group name to group ID: Lookup Group converting host address to name: Host Names converting host name to address: Host Names converting network name to network number: Networks Database converting network number to network name: Networks Database converting port number to service name: Services Database converting service name to port number: Services Database converting string to collation order: Collation Functions converting strings to numbers: Parsing of Numbers converting user ID to user name: Lookup User converting user name to user ID: Lookup User cookie, for custom stream: Streams and Cookies copy-on-write page fault: Locked Memory Details copying strings and arrays: Copying and Concatenation cpu priority: Priority CPU time: Processor Time CPU time: Processor And CPU Time CPU time: Time Basics create on open (file status flag): Open-time Flags creating a directory: Creating Directories creating a FIFO special file: FIFO Special Files creating a pipe: Creating a Pipe creating a pipe to a subprocess: Pipe to a Subprocess creating a process: Process Creation Concepts creating a socket: Creating a Socket creating a socket pair: Socket Pairs creating special files: Making Special Files cube root function: Exponents and Logarithms currency symbols: Currency Symbol current limit: Limits on Resources current working directory: Working Directory custom streams: Custom Streams customizing `printf`: Customizing Printf data loss on sockets: Socket Concepts databases: Name Service Switch datagram socket: Datagrams datagrams, transmitting: Sending Datagrams date: Time Basics Daylight Saving Time: Broken-down Time decimal digit character: Classification of Characters decimal-point separator: General Numeric declaration (compared to definition): Header Files declaring variadic functions: Calling Variadics decompose complex numbers: Operations on Complex default action (for a signal): Delivery of Signal default action for a signal: Basic Signal Handling default argument promotions: Calling Variadics default value, and NSS: Notes on NSS Configuration File defining new `printf` conversions: Customizing Printf definition (compared to declaration): Header Files delayed suspend character: Signal Characters deleting a directory: Deleting Files deleting a file: Deleting Files delivery of signals: Delivery of Signal descriptors and streams: Stream/Descriptor Precautions digit character: Classification of Wide Characters digit character: Classification of Characters directories, accessing: Accessing Directories directories, creating: Creating Directories directories, deleting: Deleting Files directory: Directories directory entry: Directories directory hierarchy: Working with Directory Trees directory stream: Accessing Directories disadvantages of `alloca`: Disadvantages of Alloca DISCARD character: Other Special division by zero: FP Exceptions DNS: Host Identification DNS server unavailable: Actions in the NSS configuration domain (of socket): Socket Concepts domain error: Math Error Reporting domain name: Host Identification Domain Name System: Host Identification dot notation, for Internet addresses: Abstract Host Addresses DSUSP character: Signal Characters duplicating file descriptors: Duplicating Descriptors dynamic memory allocation: Memory Allocation and C EBCDIC: Extended Char Intro echo of terminal input: Local Modes effective group ID: Process Persona effective user ID: Process Persona efficiency and `malloc`: Efficiency and Malloc efficiency and obstacks: Extra Fast Growing efficiency of chunks: Obstack Chunks EINTR, and restarting interrupted primitives: Interrupted Primitives elapsed time: Elapsed Time elapsed time: Time Basics encryption: Trivial Encryption end of file, on a stream: EOF and Errors end-of-file, on a file descriptor: I/O Primitives environment: Environment Variables environment access: Environment Access environment representation: Environment Access environment variable: Environment Variables environment vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors envz vectors (environment vectors): Argz and Envz Vectors EOF character: Editing Characters EOL character: Editing Characters EOL2 character: Editing Characters epoch: Simple Calendar Time ERASE character: Editing Characters errno: System Calls error codes: Error Reporting error messages, in argp: Argp Helper Functions error reporting: Error Reporting errors, mathematical: Math Error Reporting establishing a handler: Signal Actions ethers: NSS Basics EUC: Extended Char Intro EUC-JP: glibc iconv Implementation exception: Program Error Signals exception: FP Exceptions exclusive lock: File Locks `exec` functions: Executing a File execing a program: Memory Concepts executable: Memory Concepts executing a file: Executing a File exit status: Exit Status exit status value: Program Termination exiting a program: Memory Concepts expansion of shell words: Word Expansion exponent (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts exponentiation functions: Exponents and Logarithms extending `printf`: Customizing Printf extracting file descriptor from stream: Descriptors and Streams `fcntl` function: Control Operations FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: Documentation License feature test macros: Feature Test Macros field splitting: Expansion Stages FIFO special file: Pipes and FIFOs file access permission: Access Permission file access time: File Times file attribute modification time: File Times file attributes: Attribute Meanings file creation mask: Setting Permissions file descriptor flags: Descriptor Flags file descriptor sets, for `select`: Waiting for I/O file descriptors, standard: Descriptors and Streams file locks: File Locks file modification time: File Times file name: File Names file name component: Directories file name errors: File Name Errors file name resolution: File Name Resolution file name translation flags: Open-time Flags file names, multiple: Hard Links file owner: File Owner file permission bits: Permission Bits file pointer: Streams file position: File Position file positioning on a file descriptor: File Position Primitive file positioning on a stream: File Positioning file status flags: File Status Flags files, accessing: Memory Concepts filtering i/o through subprocess: Pipe to a Subprocess flag character (`printf`): Output Conversion Syntax flag character (`scanf`): Input Conversion Syntax flags for `sigaction`: Flags for Sigaction flags, file name translation: Open-time Flags flags, open-time action: Open-time Flags floating point: Floating Point Numbers floating point, IEEE: IEEE Floating Point floating type measurements: Floating Type Macros floating-point classes: Floating Point Classes floating-point exception: Program Error Signals flow control, terminal: Line Control flushing a stream: Flushing Buffers flushing terminal output queue: Line Control foreground job: Concepts of Job Control foreground job, launching: Foreground and Background forking a process: Process Creation Concepts format string, for `printf`: Formatted Output format string, for `scanf`: Formatted Input formatted input from a stream: Formatted Input formatted messages: Formatted Messages formatted output to a stream: Formatted Output FP arithmetic: FP Bit Twiddling FQDN: Host Identification frame, real memory: Memory Concepts free documentation: Free Manuals freeing (obstacks): Freeing Obstack Objects freeing memory: Memory Concepts freeing memory allocated with `malloc`: Freeing after Malloc fully buffered stream: Buffering Concepts function prototypes (variadic): Variadic Prototypes gamma function: Special Functions gcvt_r: System V Number Conversion gencat: The gencat program generation of signals: Signal Generation generic i/o control operations: IOCTLs globbing: Globbing graphic character: Classification of Wide Characters graphic character: Classification of Characters Gregorian calendar: Calendar Time group: NSS Basics group database: Group Database group ID: User and Group IDs group name: User and Group IDs group owner of a file: File Owner grouping of digits: General Numeric growing objects (in obstacks): Growing Objects handling multiple signals: Merged Signals hangup signal: Termination Signals hard limit: Limits on Resources hard link: Hard Links header files: Header Files heap consistency checking: Heap Consistency Checking heap, dynamic allocation from: Unconstrained Allocation heap, freeing memory from: Freeing after Malloc hexadecimal digit character: Classification of Wide Characters hexadecimal digit character: Classification of Characters hidden bit (of floating point number mantissa): Floating Point Concepts hierarchy, directory: Working with Directory Trees high-priority data: Out-of-Band Data high-resolution time: Calendar Time holes in files: File Position Primitive home directory: Standard Environment `HOME` environment variable: Standard Environment hook functions (of custom streams): Hook Functions host address, Internet: Abstract Host Addresses host name: Host Identification hostname: Host Identification hosts: NSS Basics hosts database: Host Names how many arguments: How Many Arguments hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions identifying terminals: Is It a Terminal IEEE 754: Floating Point Numbers IEEE floating point: Floating Point Numbers IEEE floating point representation: IEEE Floating Point IEEE Std 1003.1: POSIX IEEE Std 1003.2: POSIX ignore action for a signal: Basic Signal Handling illegal instruction: Program Error Signals impossible events: Consistency Checking independent channels: Independent Channels inexact exception: FP Exceptions infinity: Infinity and NaN initial signal actions: Initial Signal Actions inode number: Attribute Meanings input available signal: Asynchronous I/O Signals input conversions, for `scanf`: Table of Input Conversions input from multiple files: Waiting for I/O installation tools: Tools for Compilation installing: Running make install integer: Integers integer division functions: Integer Division integer type range: Range of Type integer type width: Width of Type interactive signals, from terminal: Local Modes interactive stop signal: Job Control Signals internal representation: Extended Char Intro internationalization: Locales Internet host address: Abstract Host Addresses Internet namespace, for sockets: Internet Namespace interprocess communication, with FIFO: FIFO Special Files interprocess communication, with pipes: Creating a Pipe interprocess communication, with signals: Kill Example interprocess communication, with sockets: Sockets interrupt character: Signal Characters interrupt signal: Termination Signals interrupt-driven input: Interrupt Input interrupting primitives: Interrupted Primitives interval: Time Basics interval timer, setting: Setting an Alarm INTR character: Signal Characters invalid exception: FP Exceptions inverse complex hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions inverse complex trigonometric functions: Inverse Trig Functions inverse hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions inverse trigonometric functions: Inverse Trig Functions invocation of program: Program Arguments IOCTLs: IOCTLs ISO 10646: Extended Char Intro ISO 2022: Extended Char Intro ISO 6937: Extended Char Intro ISO C: ISO C ISO-2022-JP: glibc iconv Implementation ISO/IEC 9945-1: POSIX ISO/IEC 9945-2: POSIX job: Job Control job control: Job Control job control functions: Functions for Job Control job control is optional: Job Control is Optional job control signals: Job Control Signals job control, enabling: Initializing the Shell Kermit the frog: Search/Sort Example kernel call: System Calls kernel header files: Linux KILL character: Editing Characters kill signal: Termination Signals killing a process: Signaling Another Process Korn Shell: Wildcard Matching `LANG` environment variable: Standard Environment LANG environment variable: The catgets Functions launching jobs: Launching Jobs `LC_ALL` environment variable: Standard Environment LC_ALL environment variable: The catgets Functions `LC_COLLATE` environment variable: Standard Environment `LC_CTYPE` environment variable: Standard Environment `LC_MESSAGES` environment variable: Standard Environment LC_MESSAGES environment variable: The catgets Functions `LC_MONETARY` environment variable: Standard Environment `LC_NUMERIC` environment variable: Standard Environment `LC_TIME` environment variable: Standard Environment leap second: Broken-down Time length of string: Representation of Strings level, for socket options: Socket Options LGPL, Lesser General Public License: Copying library: Introduction limit: Limits on Resources limits on resource usage: Limits on Resources limits, file name length: Limits for Files limits, floating types: Floating Type Macros limits, integer types: Range of Type limits, link count of files: Limits for Files limits, number of open files: General Limits limits, number of processes: General Limits limits, number of supplementary group IDs: General Limits limits, pipe buffer size: Limits for Files limits, POSIX: General Limits limits, program argument size: General Limits limits, terminal input queue: Limits for Files limits, time zone name length: General Limits line buffered stream: Buffering Concepts line speed: Line Speed lines (in a text file): Binary Streams link: Directories link, hard: Hard Links link, soft: Symbolic Links link, symbolic: Symbolic Links linked channels: Linked Channels listening (sockets): Listening literals: Memory Concepts little-endian: Byte Order LNEXT character: Other Special load average: Processor Resources local namespace, for sockets: Local Namespace local network address number: Abstract Host Addresses local time: Calendar Time locale categories: Locale Categories locale, changing: Setting the Locale locales: Locales locking pages: Locking Pages logarithm functions: Exponents and Logarithms login name: User and Group IDs login name, determining: Who Logged In `LOGNAME` environment variable: Standard Environment long jumps: Non-Local Exits long-named options: Argument Syntax longjmp: Advantages of Alloca loss of data on sockets: Socket Concepts lost resource signal: Operation Error Signals lower-case character: Classification of Wide Characters lower-case character: Classification of Characters macros: Obstack Functions `main` function: Program Arguments malloc debugger: Allocation Debugging `malloc` function: Unconstrained Allocation mantissa (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts matching failure, in `scanf`: Formatted Input Basics math errors: Errors in Math Functions mathematical constants: Mathematical Constants maximum: Misc FP Arithmetic maximum field width (`scanf`): Input Conversion Syntax maximum limit: Limits on Resources maximum possible integer: Integers measurements of floating types: Floating Type Macros memory allocation: Memory memory lock: Locking Pages memory mapped file: Memory Concepts memory mapped I/O: Memory Concepts memory page: Memory Subsystem merging of signals: Merged Signals MIN termios slot: Noncanonical Input minimum: Misc FP Arithmetic minimum field width (`printf`): Output Conversion Syntax minimum possible integer: Integers mixing descriptors and streams: Stream/Descriptor Precautions modem disconnect: Control Modes modem status lines: Control Modes monetary value formatting: The Lame Way to Locale Data multi-threaded application: Streams and Threads multibyte character: Extended Char Intro multibyte character string: Representation of Strings multibyte string: Representation of Strings multiple names for one file: Hard Links multiplexing input: Waiting for I/O multiply-add: Misc FP Arithmetic name of running program: Error Messages name of socket: Socket Addresses Name Service Switch: Name Service Switch name space: Reserved Names names of signals: Standard Signals namespace (of socket): Socket Concepts NaN: FP Bit Twiddling NaN: Infinity and NaN Netgroup: Netgroup Data netgroup: NSS Basics network byte order: Byte Order network number: Abstract Host Addresses network protocol: Socket Concepts networks: NSS Basics networks database: Networks Database NIS: Host Identification NIS domain name: Host Identification nisplus, and booting: Actions in the NSS configuration nisplus, and completeness: Actions in the NSS configuration `NLSPATH` environment variable: Standard Environment NLSPATH environment variable: The catgets Functions non-blocking open: Open-time Flags non-local exit, from signal handler: Longjmp in Handler non-local exits: Non-Local Exits noncanonical input processing: Canonical or Not normalization functions (floating-point): Normalization Functions normalized floating point number: Floating Point Concepts not a number: Infinity and NaN NSS: Name Service Switch `nsswitch.conf`: NSS Configuration File null character: Representation of Strings null pointer constant: Null Pointer Constant null wide character: Representation of Strings number of arguments passed: How Many Arguments number syntax, parsing: Parsing of Numbers numeric value formatting: The Lame Way to Locale Data obstack status: Status of an Obstack obstacks: Obstacks open-time action flags: Open-time Flags opening a file: I/O Concepts opening a file descriptor: Opening and Closing Files opening a pipe: Creating a Pipe opening a pseudo-terminal pair: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs opening a socket: Creating a Socket opening a socket pair: Socket Pairs opening a stream: Opening Streams Optimization: FP Function Optimizations optimizing NSS: Notes on NSS Configuration File option parsing with argp: Argp optional arguments: Variadic Functions optional POSIX features: System Options orientation, stream: Streams and I18N orientation, stream: Opening Streams orphaned process group: Orphaned Process Groups out-of-band data: Out-of-Band Data output conversions, for `printf`: Table of Output Conversions output possible signal: Asynchronous I/O Signals overflow exception: FP Exceptions owner of a file: File Owner packet: Socket Concepts page boundary: Aligned Memory Block